FAQ on Bioenergy

Biogas is a renewable energy gas that consists of approximately 60% methane (CH4) and 40% carbon dioxide (CO2). It is produced by anaerobic digestion of manure or other digestible organic material. The adjacent figure shows an anaerobic reactor, which is a closed tank filled with manure. Anaerobic bacterias present in the manure convert the digestible part of the feedstock into biogas at a temperature of 35 to 55 ⁰C. The manure remains typically 30 to 50 days in the reactor.

One way to enhance the production of biogas is to mix other organic substances with the feedstock. Sometimes, these additives can make up half of the input volume. The resulting material after digestion, called digestate, can be applied as a biofertilizer.

Biogas is primarily utilized for the following purposes:

• Combined heat and power (CHP) production: This involves the simultaneous generation of heat and electricity.
• Biomethane: This is an upgraded form of biogas, where the main modification is the removal of CO2. Biomethane, often referred to as green gas, can perform all the functions of natural gas, including domestic and industrial heating as well as transportation.

Both biogas and biomethane play a crucial role in providing flexibility within the energy system. They contribute to all energy outputs - electricity, heat, and transportation - and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources into the overall energy system.

No, biogas production promotes responsible manure management and leads to reduced emissions of methane. However, currently, only a small portion of available manure is used in biogas plants. Even with agricultural transitions and reduced manure, there will be enough for a significant green gas transition.

On the other hand, biogas supports the profitability of participating farms and does not specifically promote agricultural transition. It's important to note that biogas units are not exclusively associated with intensive livestock farming and can be implemented in both intensive and extensive farms, regardless of the size of livestock involved. This is particularly true when farms collaborate in collective initiatives.

A biogas plant with a digestate processing unit can help address regional manure surpluses. This could be seen as a solution for intensive livestock farming. However, regulations on animal welfare and environmental protection limit the expansion of intensive farming, potentially leading to fewer animals in some areas due to these regulations and the shift toward sustainable food practices.

Yes, biogas production has a positive impact on the CO2 balance. Methane has a greenhouse effect 28 times stronger than CO2, and organic waste (like manure) naturally emits methane during fermentation. However, promptly processing the waste in gas-tight digestion reactors effectively prevents this methane from being released into the air. However, the plants should have robust biogas leak management plans to mitigate any impact on the overall CO2 balance.

Furthermore, biogas acts as a substitute for fossil fuels, resulting in a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, typically between 60 to 80%. It also decreases the use of fossil natural gas, reducing CO2 emissions during extraction and combustion. Although some CO2 is produced during harvesting and transport, the overall amount in the biogas production process is comparable to other renewable energy sources, ranging from 20 to 50 gCO2/kWh. The quantity depends on the type and amount of waste utilized.

Additionally, recovering nutrients from manure reduces reliance on fossil fertilizers, replacing a substantial amount of natural gas used in fertilizer production and consequently reducing CO2 emissions.

The impact of manure digestion on soil carbon levels is minimal, and there is even potential for improvement through the use of cover crops. The key factor to consider is the non-degradable organic material, which remains undigested after a year. In a biogas plant, bacteria break down the easily biodegradable organic matter, which would have otherwise been decomposed by soil organisms. This process largely converts the material into methane and CO2. Long-term experiments conducted with digestate have shown no adverse effects, as reported among others by the University of Wageningen, Hengelo farm, Gelderland.

The overall impact on soil carbon levels depends on various factors, including the type of feedstock used, management practices, and land use changes. Applying biofertilizer from digestate, preferably in combination with cover crops, can actually improve carbon soil levels. Crops with strong root development are particularly effective as they not only increase carbon levels through stems and roots but also reduce erosion and enhance fertility.

For an anaerobic digestion plant that manages its own manure, there won't be a significant difference in transport movements. However, in the case of a "neighborhood biogas plant," it's important to consider an average of one truck per day per participating farmer and a few trucks per week for digestate removal. The exact number depends on the processing method and the extent to which farmers intend to utilize the digestate themselves.

In the case of a regional biogas plant, a considerable amount of transport is involved. The supply phase may require up to 10 trucks per day. Thus, having convenient logistical access becomes crucial. Truck schedules and routes can be adjusted to avoid peak hours and congested areas. Outgoing transport is generally lower due to separation and dewatering processes.

An anaerobic digestion plant generates noise, primarily stemming from the following sources:

1. Pumps, mixers, and compressors
2. Engines (during electricity generation)
3. Fans (used to extract air from an air washing installation)
4. Trucks and wheel loaders

To ensure compliance with environmental standards, the plant's operations are subject to regulations outlined in the environmental permit. These regulations specify acceptable noise levels and may include requirements for maintaining a minimum distance between the plant and nearby residential areas. Additionally, rules regarding transport times may be included.

The noise levels expected from an anaerobic digestion plant are comparable to those found in a dairy farm. However, measures can be implemented to to minimize noise pollution, such as utilizing soundproofing enclosures and employing noise-reducing equipment. These steps help to mitigate any potential adverse impacts on the surrounding environment and nearby residents.

As perspectives on anaerobic digestion vary, even among scientists, different priorities come into play. Some individuals are primarily concerned about climate change, while others prioritize agricultural transition. There are those who strongly advocate for regulation, while others approach it with skepticism. Additionally, some emphasize local solutions and biodiversity.

The diagram below illustrates the most prevalent opinions. It is crucial to acknowledge these diverse viewpoints when engaging in discussions about intensive biomass utilization.

Wood bioenergy is energy from wood residues from the wood and paper industry, forest maintenance, hedges, lanes, parks and gardens. Wood – often in the form of chips or pellets - is combusted in a furnace releasing heat to generate steam or hot water in a boiler. After combustion, flue gases are cleaned before release in the atmosphere. Wood energy is widely used in Europe in the industry and heating networks and forms an important source of renewable energy especially for heating.

No, it does not. Trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) as they grow through the process of photosynthesis. This carbon is known as biogenic carbon, which is stored in organic matter. When biomass is used for energy production, this stored carbon is released again, but the amount released is equal to what was absorbed during the biomass's growth. 

In contrast, carbon from fossil fuels, which has been sequestered deep underground for thousands of years, is released into the atmosphere when burned, contributing to global warming.

Furthermore, bioenergy helps in the battle against climate change by:

• saving fossil fuels (natural gas for heating, coal for electricity generation),

• avoiding spontaneous fermentation of organic matter which releases methane and CO2. Methane has a greenhouse effect more than 28 times stronger than that of CO2.

However, the overall CO2 emissions potential from biomass depends heavily on the type of feedstock used. The more waste or hedge-based biomass is utilized, the better the overall CO2 balance becomes. The emissions amount is comparable to other renewable energy sources, ranging between 10 and 30 gCO2/kWh.

Bioenergy does emit some CO2 into the atmosphere due to fuel consumption during harvesting and transport. According to European regulations, only woody biomass that saves more than 70% CO2 compared to fossil fuels can be registered as renewable by Member States. This threshold will increase to 80% in the future (RED II regulation).

No, there is not enough biomass available to fully meet the demand for renewable energy. However, biomass can still make a significant contribution to the energy demand, especially in heating applications. The remaining portion of the energy demand needs to be met by other sources, combined with energy-saving measures.

The availability of biomass depends on the volume of residual streams generated by the forestry, timber and paper sectors and other products as shown in the Sankey diagram for the EU (JRC, 2022).

These streams account for more than 60% of the total amount. The remaining 40% comes from forest and landscape maintenance, hedges, lanes, parks and gardens.

While the harvesting of biomass from forests does result in the removal of nutrients and soil degradation if not managed properly, it is possible to reduce this impact by conducting proper biomass harvesting practices. Well developed guidelines have been established by the forestry sector. Certification programs such as FSC and PEFC have been implemented to ensure sustainable forest management. Efforts are being made to mitigate negative impacts. Moreover, a significant amount of woody biomass is obtained from urban areas, where concerns regarding nutrient depletion are less prominent.

Minimizing emissions from biomass combustion is crucial, and modern installations utilize flue gas cleaning systems to emit only a minimal amount of substances. The primary sources of emissions are fireplaces and old wood stoves. In certain rural areas, biomass-based heating may be the only viable option, and it should continue as long as it remains limited and the air quality allows it. The EU has set regulations on emissions for large-scale biomass boilers, aiming to minimize air pollution by imposing limits on emissions of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

By enforcing laws, regulations, and implementing robust certification systems, we can safeguard the health of our forests. The EU mandates that only bioenergy derived from sustainable sources qualifies as renewable. EU countries are prohibited from providing support to energy plants that rely on non-renewable sources. Certification systems play a vital role in ensuring compliance with the necessary sustainability standards, requiring effective control mechanisms

Opinions on biomass vary due to differing perspectives, including those of scientists. People's concerns range from future feedstock availability to agricultural transitions. Some place great faith in international treaties and certification, while others remain skeptical. Moreover, many emphasize the importance of nature and biodiversity. The diagram below illustrates these prevalent opinions on woody biomass. When engaging in detailed discussions about biomass, it is crucial to take into account these diverse perspectives